LinuC（Linux技術者認定資格）＆リナックスサーバ構築設定事例

[root@A]# cat /etc/fstab
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 /                       ext3    defaults        1 1
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol03 /tmp                    ext3    defaults        1 2
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol02 /var                    ext3    defaults,usrquota,grpquota        1 2
LABEL=/boot             /boot                   ext3    defaults        1 2
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

[root@A]# cat /proc/filesystems
nodev   sysfs
nodev   rootfs
nodev   bdev
nodev   proc

[root@A]# cat /etc/mtab
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 / ext3 rw 0 0
proc /proc proc rw 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs rw 0 0

[root@A]# cat /proc/mounts
rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0
/dev/root / ext3 rw,data=ordered 0 0
/dev /dev tmpfs rw 0 0

[root@A]# mount
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 on / type ext3 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)

[root@A]# sync

[root@A]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/swapfile bs=1M count=50
50+0 records in
50+0 records out
52428800 bytes (52 MB) copied, 0.117411 seconds, 447 MB/s

[root@A]# mkswap /tmp/swapfile
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 52424 kB

[root@A]# swapon /tmp/swapfile

[root@A]# swapon -s
Filename                                Type            Size    Used    Priority
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol01         partition       1048568 0       -1
/tmp/swapfile                           file            51192   0       -2

[root@A]# cat /proc/swaps
Filename                                Type            Size    Used    Priority
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol01         partition       1048568 0       -1
/tmp/swapfile                           file            51192   0       -2

[root@A]# cdrecord -scanbus
Cdrecord-Clone 2.01 (cpu-pc-linux-gnu) Copyright (C) 1995-2004 Jg Schilling
Note: This version is an unofficial (modified) version with DVD support
Note: and therefore may have bugs that are not present in the original.
Note: Please send bug reports or support requests to http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla
Note: The author of cdrecord should not be bothered with problems in this version.
cdrecord: Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character. Cannot open SCSI driver.
cdrecord: For possible targets try 'cdrecord -scanbus'.
cdrecord: For possible transport specifiers try 'cdrecord dev=help'.

[root@A]# dumpe2fs /dev/sda1 | more
Inode count:              26104
Block count:              104388
Reserved block count:     5219
Free blocks:              89012
Free inodes:              26070
First block:              1
Block size:               1024
Group 1: (Blocks 8193-16384)
  Backup superblock at 8193, Group descriptors at 8194-8194

[root@A]# fsck.ext3
Emergency help:
 -p                   Automatic repair (no questions)
 -n                   Make no changes to the filesystem
 -y                   Assume "yes" to all questions
 -c                   Check for bad blocks and add them to the badblock list
 -f                   Force checking even if filesystem is marked clean
 -v                   Be verbose
 -b superblock        Use alternative superblock
 -B blocksize         Force blocksize when looking for superblock
 -j external_journal  Set location of the external journal
 -l bad_blocks_file   Add to badblocks list
 -L bad_blocks_file   Set badblocks list

[root@A]# e2fsck
Emergency help:
 -p                   Automatic repair (no questions)
 -n                   Make no changes to the filesystem
 -y                   Assume "yes" to all questions
 -c                   Check for bad blocks and add them to the badblock list
 -f                   Force checking even if filesystem is marked clean
 -v                   Be verbose
 -b superblock        Use alternative superblock
 -B blocksize         Force blocksize when looking for superblock
 -j external_journal  Set location of the external journal
 -l bad_blocks_file   Add to badblocks list
 -L bad_blocks_file   Set badblocks list

[root@A]# tune2fs -l /dev/sda1
Inode count:              26104
Block count:              104388
Reserved block count:     5219
Free blocks:              89012
Free inodes:              26070
First block:              1
Block size:               1024

[root@A]# badblocks /dev/sda1

[root@A]# debugfs /dev/sda1
debugfs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
debugfs:  ls
 2  (12) .    2  (12) ..    11  (20) lost+found    16065  (36) grub
 12  (16) message    17  (44) initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img
 13  (36) System.map-2.6.18-128.el5    14  (32) config-2.6.18-128.el5
 15  (36) symvers-2.6.18-128.el5.gz    16  (780) vmlinuz-2.6.18-128.el5
debugfs:  quit

[root@A]# cat /etc/auto.master
/misc   /etc/auto.misc

[root@A]# /etc/init.d/autofs restart
automount を停止中:                                        [  OK  ]
automount を起動中:                                        [  OK  ]

[root@A]# ls -l /etc/auto.*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  717  1月 21  2009 /etc/auto.master
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  581  1月 21  2009 /etc/auto.misc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1292  1月 21  2009 /etc/auto.net
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  715  1月 21  2009 /etc/auto.smb

[root@A]# cat /etc/auto.master
/misc   /etc/auto.misc

[root@A]# cat /etc/auto.misc
cd              -fstype=iso9660,ro,nosuid,nodev :/dev/cdrom

[root@A]# ls -l /dev/sda{,1,2}
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 0  1月  5 16:42 /dev/sda
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 1  1月  5 16:42 /dev/sda1
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 2  1月  5 16:42 /dev/sda2

[root@A]# ls -l /dev/{ttyS0,input/mice,lp0}
crw------- 1 root root 13, 63  1月  5 16:42 /dev/input/mice
crw-rw---- 1 root lp    6,  0  1月  5 16:42 /dev/lp0
crw-rw---- 1 root uucp  4, 64  1月  5 16:41 /dev/ttyS0

[root@A]# cat /proc/devices
Character devices:
  1 mem
  4 ttyS
  5 /dev/tty
  5 /dev/console
  6 lp
 10 misc
180 usb
189 usb_device
Block devices:
  1 ramdisk
  2 fd
  8 sd
  9 md

[root@A]# ls /etc/udev/rules.d
05-udev-early.rules  51-hotplug.rules  60-pcmcia.rules
61-uinput-stddev.rules  90-alsa.rules  95-pam-console.rules
40-multipath.rules   60-libsane.rules  60-raw.rules

[root@A]# cat /etc/udev/rules.d/50-udev.rules
KERNEL=="tty",                  NAME="%k", GROUP="tty", MODE="0666", OPTIONS="last_rule"

[root@A]# udevinfo -q path -n /dev/sda1
/block/sda/sda1

root@A]# udevinfo -q env -n /dev/sda1
ID_VENDOR=VMware,
ID_MODEL=VMware_Virtual_S
ID_REVISION=1.0

[root@A]# dmesg | more
Linux version 2.6.18-128.el5 (mockbuild@builder16.centos.org) (gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-44)) #1 SMP Wed
 Jan 21 10:44:23 EST 2009

[root@A]# cat /etc/inittab
id:5:initdefault:
# System initialization.
si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 0
l1:1:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 6

[root@A]# ls /etc/rc3.d
K01dnsmasq         K35dovecot     K88wpa_supplicant   S08iptables    
S19rpcgssd         S50snmpd       S90xfs              K02NetworkManager
K35smb             K89dund        S08mcstrans         S22messagebus

[root@A]# ls -l /etc/rc3.d/S85httpd
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15   羈0  2010 /etc/rc3.d/S85httpd -> ../init.d/httpd

[root@A]# /etc/init.d/httpd start
httpd を起動中:     [ OK ]

[root@A]# chkconfig --list httpd
httpd           0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off

[root@A]# chkconfig httpd off

[root@A]# chkconfig httpd on

[root@A]# chkconfig --level 235 httpd on

[root@A]# ntsysv

[root@A]# cat /boot/grub/menu.lst
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.18-128.el5)
        root (hd0,0)
        kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-128.el5 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 rhgb quiet
        initrd /initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img

[root@A]# grub
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.
   GNU GRUB  version 0.97 (640K lower / 3072K upper memory)
[ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported.  For the first word, TAB
  lists possible command completions.  Anywhere else TAB lists the possible
  completions of a device/filename.]
grub> displaymem
 EISA Memory BIOS Interface is present
 Address Map BIOS Interface is present
 Lower memory: 640K, Upper memory (to first chipset hole): 3072K
 [Address Range Descriptor entries immediately follow (values are 64-bit)]
   Usable RAM:  Base Address:  0x0 X 4GB + 0x0,
      Length:   0x0 X 4GB + 0xa0000 bytes
   Reserved:  Base Address:  0x0 X 4GB + 0xa0000,
      Length:   0x0 X 4GB + 0x60000 bytes
   Usable RAM:  Base Address:  0x0 X 4GB + 0x100000,
      Length:   0x0 X 4GB + 0x300000 bytes
grub> quit

[root@A]# cat /etc/lilo.conf

[root@A]# /sbin/lilo

[root@A]# cat /proc/cmdline
ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 rhgb quiet

[root@A]# uname -a
Linux sentos5.localdomain 2.6.18-128.el5 #1 SMP Wed Jan 21 10:44:23 EST 2009 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux

[root@A]# uname -r
2.6.18-128.el5

[root@A]# uname -m
i686

[root@A]# cat /proc/version
Linux version 2.6.18-128.el5 (mockbuild@builder16.centos.org) (gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-44)) #1 SMP Wed Jan 21 10:44:23 EST 2009

[root@A]# head -4 /usr/src/linux/Makefile
VERSION = 2
PATCHLEVEL = 6
SUBLEVEL =18
EXTRAVERSION = -128.el5

[root@A]# ls /boot/vmlinuz*
/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-128.el5

[root@A]# ls -ld /lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/*
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096    羇  2010 /lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/arch
drwxr-xr-x 39 root root 4096    羇  2010 /lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/drivers
drwxr-xr-x 30 root root 4096    羇  2010 /lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/fs
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096    羇  2010 /lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/kernel
drwxr-xr-x  4 root root 4096    羇  2010 /lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/lib
drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 4096    羇  2010 /lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/net

[root@A]# lsmod
Module                  Size  Used by
nfsd                  202097  17
exportfs                9665  1 nfsd
lockd                  61257  2 nfsd
nfs_acl                 7617  1 nfsd

[root@A]# cat /proc/modules
nfsd 202097 17 - Live 0xe0c3a000
exportfs 9665 1 nfsd, Live 0xe0b72000
lockd 61257 2 nfsd, Live 0xe0bf7000
nfs_acl 7617 1 nfsd, Live 0xe0b6f000
auth_rpcgss 43105 1 nfsd, Live 0xe0bd7000

[root@A]# modinfo ext3
filename:       /lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/fs/ext3/ext3.ko
license:        GPL
description:    Second Extended Filesystem with journaling extensions
author:         Remy Card, Stephen Tweedie, Andrew Morton, Andreas Dilger, Theodore Ts'o and others

[root@A]# modinfo -n ext3
/lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/fs/ext3/ext3.ko

[root@A]# modinfo -l ext3
GPL

[root@A]# modinfo -d ext3
Second Extended Filesystem with journaling extensions

[root@A]# modinfo -a ext3
Remy Card, Stephen Tweedie, Andrew Morton, Andreas Dilger, Theodore Ts'o and others

[root@A]# insmod /lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/fs/ext2/ext2.ko

[root@A]# modprobe -c
alias scsi_hostadapter mptbase
alias scsi_hostadapter1 mptspi
alias scsi_hostadapter2 ata_piix
alias eth0 pcnet32

[root@A]# modprobe -lt fs
/lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/fs/autofs4/autofs4.ko
/lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/fs/cachefiles/cachefiles.ko
/lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/fs/cifs/cifs.ko

[root@A]# modprobe --show-depends ext3
insmod /lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/fs/jbd/jbd.ko
insmod /lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/kernel/fs/ext3/ext3.ko

[root@A]# ls /lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/modules.dep
/lib/modules/2.6.18-128.el5/modules.dep

[root@A]# cat /etc/modprobe.conf
alias scsi_hostadapter mptbase
alias scsi_hostadapter1 mptspi
alias scsi_hostadapter2 ata_piix
alias eth0 pcnet32

[root@A]# ls -l /etc/modprobe.d/*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  810    羚  2009 /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   83   羃2  2009 /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-firewire
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6111   羃1  2009 /etc/modprobe.d/modprobe.conf.dist

[root@A]# cat /etc/modprobe.d/modprobe.conf.dist
alias usb-uhci uhci-hcd
alias usb-ohci ohci-hcd
install scsi_hostadapter /bin/true
install usbmouse /sbin/modprobe --first-time --ignore-install usbmouse && { /sbin/modprobe hid; /bin/true; }
remove usbmouse { /sbin/modprobe -r hid; } ; /sbin/modprobe -r --first-time --ignore-remove usbmouse
remove nfsd { /bin/umount /proc/fs/nfsd > /dev/null 2>&1 || :; } ; /sbin/modprobe -r --first-time --ignore-remove nfsd

[root@A]# ls -ld /proc/sys/kernel/*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/ctrl-alt-del
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/domainname
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/modprobe
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/ostype
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/sem
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/shmall
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/tainted
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:26 /proc/sys/kernel/threads-max

[root@A]# ls -ld /proc/sys/fs/*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:29 /proc/sys/fs/file-max
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:29 /proc/sys/fs/file-nr

[root@A]# ls -ld /proc/sys/net/*
dr-xr-xr-x 6 root root 0    羌 17:30 /proc/sys/net/ipv4
dr-xr-xr-x 6 root root 0    羌 17:30 /proc/sys/net/ipv6

[root@A]# ls -ld /proc/sys/net/ipv4/*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:31 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:31 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0    羌 17:31 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts

[root@A]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0

[root@A]# cat /etc/rc.local
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0

[root@A]# sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0

[root@A]# sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

[root@A]# sysctl -a
sunrpc.max_resvport = 1023
sunrpc.min_resvport = 665
sunrpc.tcp_slot_table_entries = 16

[root]# mail←未読メールを読む場合
Mail version 8.1 6/6/93.  Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/root": 5 messages 5 new
>N  1 root@reverie.example  Fri Oct 15 23:42  19/819   "Anacron job 'cron.daily'"
 N  2 root@reverie.example  Tue Oct 19 22:30  56/1735  "LogWatch for reverie.example.com"
 N  3 root@reverie.example  Tue Oct 19 22:31  19/821   "Anacron job 'cron.daily'"
 N  4 root@reverie.example  Mon Nov  1 14:52  19/818   "Anacron job 'cron.daily'"
 N  5 root@dgx.example.com  Wed Nov  3 15:29  19/796   "Anacron job 'cron.daily'"
& t1←メールを選択
Message 1:
From root@reverie.example.com  Fri Oct 15 23:42:19 2010
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2010 23:42:18 +0900
From: root@reverie.example.com (Anacron)
To: root@reverie.example.com
Subject: Anacron job 'cron.daily'
/etc/cron.daily/tripwire-check:
****    Error: Tripwire database for reverie.example.com not found.    ****
**** Run /etc/tripwire/twinstall.sh and/or tripwire --init. ****

[root]# ls -al mbox
-rw-------    1 root     root         5044 11月  3 15:38 mbox

[root]# mail -f←既読メールを読む場合

[root]# mail -s test-mail reverie@example.com←メールを作成して送る
TEST MAIL.
.
Cc:

[root]# tail /var/log/maillog←メールのログ確認
Nov  3 15:43:11 reverie sendmail[1764]: oA36hBj5001764: from=root, size=55, class=0, nrcpts=1, msgid=<201011030643.oA36hBj5001764@reverie.example.com>, relay=root@localhost
Nov  3 15:43:11 reverie sendmail[1766]: oA36hB0K001766: from=<root@reverie.example.com>, size=346, class=0, nrcpts=1, msgid=<201011030643.oA36hBj5001764@reverie.example.com>, proto=ESMTP, daemon=Daemon0, relay=localhost.localdomain [127.0.0.1]
Nov  3 15:43:11 reverie sendmail[1764]: oA36hBj5001764: to=reverie@example.com, ctladdr=root (0/0), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=relay, pri=30044, relay=[127.0.0.1] [127.0.0.1], dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent (oA36hB0K001766 Message accepted for delivery)
Nov  3 15:43:11 reverie sendmail[1767]: oA36hB0K001766: to=<reverie@example.com>, ctladdr=<root@reverie.example.com> (0/0), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=pmlocal, pri=30549, dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent